Importance of gut microbiota for bile acid composition and concentration in pigs

Several studies on the role of HCA species in regulating glucose homeostasis have indicated their therapeutic value human obesity and diabetes. There is a clear difference percentage hyocholic acid (HCA) its derivatives (also known as species) total bile (BA) pool plasma between humans, rats pigs. However, gut microbiota BA profiles pigs remains unclear. We generated five germ-free pig models six gnotobiotic by fecal transplantation (FMT). A 46 BAs were detected jejunum, cecum, colon, rectum chyme, 37 33 bile, ileal chyme liver, 31 serum. FMT increased percentages acids serum (79%), liver (78%), (71%), but decreased proportions ileum (61%), cecum (47%), colon (51%), (57%) pigs, compared to GF piglets. significantly induced production conjugated small intestine concentrations free large ( P < 0.01). piglets had over 68-fold 104-fold increases an expression pattern distinct from that for genes involved receptors, synthesis, signaling, transport. The gene levels rate-limiting enzyme CYP7A1 enzymes CH25H BAAT synthesis piglets, there was significant reduction FXR TGR5 through FGFR4/β-Klotho pathway promotes after FMT.